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The Hayward Fault: Berkeley’s ‘Tectonic Time Bomb’
If you live in Berkeley, you’re probably aware that the UC Berkeley campus is built over the Hayward Fault, the most dangerous earthquake fault in the bay area. The fault is not only at risk of causing an earthquake, also known as “coseismic slip,” but shows its movement through aseismic creep, a very slow shifting of plates resulting in structural damage over a long period of time. The last earthquake on this fault was in 1868, one of the most damaging earthquakes in history. Seismologists predict this fault ruptures roughly every 150 years, meaning the bay is due for a shake in the very near future.
UC Berkeley’s Seismic Action Plan for Facilities Enhancement and Renewal is a campus-wide initiative working since 1997 to retrofit campus buildings that pose risks to the community when faced with an inevitable earthquake. Around 70% of the current buildings on campus have been rated seismically efficient due to construction in the past few decades, and the program has halved the life safety risks to faculty and students. However, few still remain in everyday use despite being deemed poorly constructed.
Tolman Hall, formerly housing the Department of Psychology and Graduate School of Education, was closed to students in 2011 due to a “poor” seismic rating, and permanently evacuated in summer 2018. The demolition process began with a plan to replace the building approved in 2014, and was scheduled for demolition in late 2018, but the massive structure still eerily remained for several months thereafter, a ghost town of sorts compared to the rest of campus.
“My hope is every building on campus will not kill people, but that does not mean every building on campus will be usable again after the next big earthquake,” Earth and Planetary Science Professor Roland Burgmann said.
Reflecting on his extensive research for the Berkeley Seismology Lab on the Hayward Fault’s behavior, in addition to studies of faults worldwide, Burgmann explained that the fault’s creep is steady but not enough to relieve the building pressure that will inevitably cause a major earthquake. His research team utilizes global positioning measurements and satellite technology to identify which parts of the fault deep below the surface have accrued the most tension.
“The key message clearly is that it’s the most urban hazardous fault we know. There’s probably no fault in the world that has as many people, as many hospitals, and universities along its whole extent,” Burgmann said. “It is a fault that in terms of its hazard, from our forecasting estimates, is especially likely to cause one of the next big earthquakes.”
Professor Horst Rademacher teaches the lower division course “Earthquakes in Your Backyard” and has done prominent research regarding seismology worldwide. According to his published walking tour of the Hayward Fault, a tour he also gives to the students in his course, California Memorial Stadium was completely retrofitted in 2010. Although it has only been a decade since this retrofit, slight damage from the fault’s creeping can be observed in the stadium, such as through cracks in the stairwell on the north side of the stadium.
Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of this massive renovation was updating the most seismically-conscious part of the stadium that was constructed at its birth in the early 1920s; the exterior wall of the stadium was split in half. John Galen Howard, the designer of the stadium in the twenties, was aware of the fault’s location, and split the stadium into two distinct halves that were meant to move separately from each other along the fault line in the case of an earthquake. The retrofits just a decade ago added a flexible sealant to this expansion joint to maintain this freedom of movement, though its effectiveness has never been tested in a true quake. Another effect of the fault’s creep is the displacement of Strawberry Creek, which runs through campus; the plate movement causes the stream to run along the fault when the water reaches it, and resume its movement slightly displaced after crossing the fault.
Hearst Memorial Mining Building was one of the most dangerously constructed buildings on campus, and underwent an immense seismic retrofit between 1998 and 2003. In the early 20th century, Berkeley mining students dug a 200-foot-long mining tunnel (some of which still remains today), which was coined the “Lawson Adit” after Berkeley Geologist and former Dean of the College of Mining Andrew Lawson. While some of the adit has deteriorated and collapsed in the last century, and it has been closed to the public after being deemed unsafe, the UC Berkeley seismology lab uses the mining tunnel to monitor seismic activity to this day.
The Haywired Scenario is a study of the potential hazards and effects of this predicted 7.0 earthquake on the Hayward Fault. Various research groups and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) discuss seismic hazards and how to minimize damage when this slip occurs. According to USGS, the earthquake is expected to be similar in size to the 1868 earthquake, which was around magnitude 6.5, but will have a far longer rupture length. This means the earthquake would travel beyond its epicenter south of Santa Rosa to below Oakland, creating intensive shaking south towards San Jose. In addition to causing extreme destruction due to shaking, earthquakes historically cause the most damage, deaths, and property loss from their resulting fires.
Although no one can predict earthquakes, Burgmann explained that his work in earthquake forecasting examines which parts of the fault are most susceptible to slip, information researchers use to narrow down a window of when the big one might strike.
“If we could just understand it, shouldn’t we be able to predict the earthquake?” Burgmann said. “The problem is, in every single case, we only recognize unusual things happening before an earthquake once the earthquake has already happened.”
While much of the bay area’s infrastructure has been retrofitted since 1868 to withstand even the largest quakes, there is significantly more infrastructure, public transportation, and major road bridges that pose a higher hazard to the community. Additionally, the population of the area has spiked from around 260,000 to 7.15 million individuals. Though there is no way to avoid a potentially devastating earthquake on the Hayward Fault in the future, the Berkeley community can hopefully find comfort in knowing that the campus is seismically efficient overall, due to millions of dollars of investments and years of construction. However, seismologists cannot predict when an earthquake will strike, so the Hayward Fault remains an elusive enemy in Berkeley, creeping along until a final rupture.
“There’s still a lot of things we can and need to learn about earthquakes and faults, so even if that long term question of can we predict earthquakes will never really be accessible, I think there are important things we still need to discover,” Burgmann said. “There’s definitely lots more we can do.”
Introduction
Your refrigerator is one of the most essential appliances in your home, serving as the heart of your kitchen and a critical part of daily life. To ensure it functions effectively and efficiently, regular maintenance is crucial. Not only does this routine care save you from costly repairs, but it also extends the lifespan of your refrigerator. This comprehensive guide provides a range of maintenance tips and highlights signs that indicate when it might be time to consider a replacement compressor.
Cleaning the Condenser Coils
One of the most critical steps in maintaining your refrigerator is cleaning the condenser coils. These coils, found at the back or underneath your appliance, are responsible for expelling heat. As dust accumulates on the coils, their efficiency in releasing heat diminishes, causing your refrigerator to work harder, which can lead to increased energy consumption and a shortened lifespan.
To clean the condenser coils:
- Unplug the refrigerator: Safety first. Ensure that the refrigerator is unplugged before you begin.
- Access the coils: Remove the base grill if the coils are at the front or pull the refrigerator away from the wall if they are at the back.
- Clean the coils: Use a coil brush or a vacuum with a brush attachment to gently remove dust and debris. Be careful not to damage the coils.
- Repeat every six months: This cleaning should be done at least twice a year or more frequently if you have pets that shed heavily.
Checking and Cleaning Door Seals
The seals around your refrigerator doors, also known as gaskets, keep the cold air in and the warm air out. Over time, these can become dirty or start to deteriorate, which can lead to air leaks and force your refrigerator to work harder.
To maintain the door seals:
- Clean regularly: Wipe down the seals with a mild detergent and warm water. Avoid using harsh cleaning agents, as these can degrade the rubber.
- Check for tightness: Close the door on a piece of paper and try to pull it out. If the paper slides out easily, it might be time to replace the seals.
- Inspect for wear and tear: Look for cracks or tears in the seals. If these are present, replacing the seals might be necessary to maintain optimal efficiency.
Regulating the Temperature
Keeping your refrigerator at the correct temperature is essential for maximizing efficiency and ensuring the longevity of its components. The ideal refrigerator temperature is between 37°F and 40°F, while the freezer should be set at 0°F.
- Check the thermostat: Sometimes, the thermostat can get knocked out of place. Ensure it is set to the appropriate temperature for both the refrigerator and freezer compartments.
- Use a thermometer: Place a thermometer in both the refrigerator and freezer to verify that your settings correspond to the actual temperatures inside.
Defrosting Your Refrigerator
If you have a manual defrost refrigerator, regular defrosting is crucial to prevent the build-up of ice, which can impede the efficiency of the unit.
- Schedule defrosting: Plan to defrost your refrigerator at least once a year or when the frost has accumulated to about a quarter of an inch thick.
- Remove all items: Ensure that all food items are removed and stored in a cooler to keep them fresh.
- Turn off and open the doors: Turn off the refrigerator and open the doors to allow the ice to melt naturally.
- Clean the interior: Once the ice has melted, clean the interior with a mild detergent and dry thoroughly before turning the refrigerator back on.
When to Consider a Replacement Compressor
The compressor is the heart of your refrigerator, responsible for the refrigeration cycle that keeps the food and other contents cool. Recognizing the signs of a failing compressor can help you decide whether it’s time for a repair or replacement of it.
- Unusual noises: If you hear buzzing, clanking, or humming noises coming from the refrigerator, it might indicate compressor issues.
- Not cooling: If your refrigerator is not cooling properly, despite having clean coils and a correct thermostat setting, the compressor may be to blame.
- Constant running: A compressor that runs continuously without cycling off might be failing and unable to reach the required temperature.
- Age: If your refrigerator is over ten years old and experiencing these issues, it might be more cost-effective to replace the compressor or consider buying a new refrigerator.
Conclusion
Regular maintenance of your refrigerator can significantly extend its life and improve its efficiency. By following these simple steps, you can ensure that your appliance runs smoothly and effectively. Keep an eye on the performance of your refrigerator and be mindful of the signs that indicate it may be time for more significant repairs or replacements, such as a new compressor.
Choosing the right doors for your home is a task that goes beyond aesthetics. Doors serve crucial functions, from securing your home to enhancing its beauty. Understanding the various types of doors available—along with key considerations when making a purchase—can significantly impact your home’s style and functionality.
Understanding Door Types
Doors come in various styles, materials, and designs, each offering unique benefits. Having an understanding of these will aid in making an informed decision. Common door types include entry doors, interior doors, patio doors, and pocket doors. Each serves a specific purpose and has distinctive features.
Entry Doors
Entry doors are usually the first point of contact for guests and play a vital role in the home’s curb appeal. These doors often feature robust construction materials such as fiberglass, steel, or solid wood. Steel doors, for instance, provide increased security while being cost-effective. Meanwhile, fiberglass doors offer excellent insulation and are resistant to fading and dents.
Insulation properties are paramount in making a selection, especially in regions with extreme weather changes. An ENERGY STAR-rated entry door can save homeowners up to 20% on energy costs, a compelling reason to invest well.
Interior Doors
Interior doors serve to divide living spaces, offering privacy and noise reduction. They can be categorized into several types, including hinged, sliding, and bi-fold doors. Each type has its unique way of maximizing interior space and fulfilling specific needs.
Hinged doors, often the traditional choice, are mounted on hinges and provide a good level of soundproofing. On the other hand, sliding doors are perfect for spaces where swinging doors might be impractical. For homes looking to save space, bi-fold doors are a smart choice. These doors can open up wide and are effective in directing traffic flow during gatherings.
Patio Doors
Patio doors serve as a functional and stylish entry to outdoor spaces. Often available in sliding or hinged designs, they create a seamless connection between the indoors and outdoors. When selecting patio doors, materials and energy efficiency are essential considerations.
For instance, vinyl and aluminum frames are popular due to their durability and resistance to weather conditions. Homeowners may also consider customizable patio doors that can be tailored to fit specific dimensions and styles of their homes. Many homeowners prefer these types of doors for their flexibility in design, allowing them to create a functional and beautiful transition to patios and backyards. This allows you to enjoy the outdoors easily while maintaining the comfort of your home.
Garage Doors
Garage doors often receive little thought, yet they form a significant element of residential architecture. The choice between manual and automatic garage doors can significantly affect convenience. Additionally, selecting doors with insulated materials can reduce energy costs associated with heating or cooling the garage.
In terms of styles, homeowners have options ranging from traditional carriage-style doors to contemporary models that include large sections of glass. The choice here can enhance the overall curb appeal and potentially increase property value. Statistics show that replacing a garage door can yield one of the highest returns on investment in home remodeling.
Key Considerations When Buying Doors
Choosing the right door involves evaluating several factors to ensure that it aligns with your home’s needs. This includes assessing practicality, aesthetics, and budget. The first step often entails measuring the space where the door will be installed. Accurate measurements prevent the headache of needing alterations later. If you opt for custom-made doors, providing precise measurements is crucial.
Materials Matter
The material of the door not only affects its cost but also contributes to its durability and maintenance needs. For example, wooden doors provide a classic look but may require more maintenance than steel or fiberglass doors. Each material has its own advantages; steel is impervious to weather effects and can deter intruders, while fiberglass resists warping and rotting. When evaluating material, you must also consider the climate of your area to choose a door that will last.
Security Features
Security is a paramount consideration when selecting doors, especially entry and patio types. Reinforced frames and multi-point locking systems provide added protection against forced entry. Advanced features like smart locks can enhance your home’s security; they allow you to monitor access remotely and provide greater control over who enters your home. With burglary statistics rising, being proactive about home security is wise.
Energy Efficiency
Energy-efficient doors can reduce power bills while keeping your home at a comfortable temperature. This becomes even more critical if your home has extensive glass sections, as many patio doors do. Look for doors that are energy-certified to navigate this space effectively. Solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC) and U-values provide significant insights into energy efficiency ratings.
Cost Factors to Consider
The cost of doors can vary widely based on material, size, design, and installation. Wooden doors generally fall on the higher end of the spectrum, whereas vinyl or fiberglass options can be more affordable. However, keep in mind that cost should not be the only deciding factor. Investing in quality doors can prevent unexpected future costs arising from repairs or replacements, making it a worthwhile investment.
Installation Considerations
Proper installation is critical to the functionality and longevity of any door. Hiring a qualified professional assures that doors fit securely, reducing the risk of air leaks and security vulnerabilities. If you’re considering a DIY approach, be prepared by researching installation techniques or engaging friends who have experience in this area.
Style and Aesthetics
The door style should align with the overall architecture and style of your home. Traditional-style homes generally look best with classic wooden doors, while modern homes can benefit from sleek designs with unconventional materials. Matching colors and hardware with other exterior features can create a cohesive look that enhances your property’s curb appeal.
Choosing the right doors for your home is a multifaceted decision that should consider functionality, energy efficiency, and aesthetics. With various types of doors available, from sturdy entry doors to patio doors, there’s an option for every style and need. By assessing the key factors discussed, homeowners can make informed decisions that will enhance their living spaces for years to come.
You always look for a bed with aesthetics, functionality, and flexibility. You can set the bed anywhere in the home from the master bedroom to the guest room to the kid room to the living room. The Bed can be adaptable according to the size and ambiance of the room. The Queen Day Beds are the perfect integration for your home to fulfill all the requirements. Let us design your different rooms with daybeds queen according to their aesthetic and functionality.
Queen Size Daybeds For Different Rooms
Queen Daybed for The Master Bedroom – An Elegance Statement
You always look for comfort, style, and elegance in your bedroom. After a long day at the office, you want to relax and spend quality time with yourself and your family. One of the benefits of Queen daybeds is built-in storage. It provides you the space to keep stuff like blankets, cushions, mattresses, etc. These daybeds are foldable which helps your room to remain clean and look spacious. It adds sophistication and style and provides extra seating for reading books or lounging. These beds come in various designs to match your modern and traditional aesthetics.
Daybeds Queen for The Guest Room – Comfort And Convenience
The guest room is used very occasionally and having a normal bed in that room will take lots of space for no reason. The best integration will be Queen Daybed. It will be the perfect bed for hosting overnight visitors for comfort and a modern bed. These beds can easily transform into sofas when not used for sleeping purposes. It is convenient for saving space and ideal for small guest rooms. It is the best bed to provide comfort to your precious guests.
Queen Size Daybed for The Kid’s Room – Playful And Practical
The most sensitive and active room is the kid’s room. Kids used to stay here to study, play and sleep. This room needs to be flexible and adaptable as per requirement. The Daybeds Queen can easily be integrated into such a room. It can be used for dual purposes. It can be used as a Lounge in the daytime as a sofa and at night for sleeping purposes. Not only that, but it can save space during the daytime for kids to play and do other activities. These beds provide storage functionality to keep essential stuff like books, boxes, bats, football, or other sports kits. It has a sturdy design to ensure durability for active kids.
Queen Day Beds for Living Room – Style Meets Functionality
These beds are perfect for your living room to enhance the elegance and aesthetic of your space. You can complement it with home decor plants to create a healthy and positive vibe. It can be used as a lounge during the day sitting with your family watching your favorite show, and as a bed during the night creating a cozy space with an aesthetic spotlight above the bed. It is perfect for small apartments or studio spaces. It has a sleek modern design to complement the space’s interior.
Why Choose Queen Size Daybeds For Your Home?
Versatile
These daybeds are suitable for any room and can be adjusted anywhere according to aesthetics and requirements.
Functional
These beds are elegant and functional as well. Daybeds provide storage to keep essential stuff in the bed and keep your space clean.
Style Option
You can style your living room, bedroom, and kids’ room with modern and traditional wooden daybeds integrating home decor plants and spotlights to create a cozy space.
Enhance comfort
These Queen Daybeds are sturdy and designed to provide comfort after a long hard day in the office. It keeps your back straight while sleeping.
Space Saving Option
These storage beds not only keep your stuff in place but also can be sofas to provide space in the room. It makes the room look bigger due to the extra space offered by the Queen Daybed.
Perfect Queen Size Daybed For Your Home
Queen Day Beds are the perfect integration for your home to provide aesthetics, comfort, functionality, and space. These beds are sturdy and versatile. It stays intact for a longer period. You can always change the style of your room without changing the bed. Cherish the flexibility of daybeds queen and enhance the ambiance of your space.
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